Technology

The OwNerS of This SeCtiOn...=)

From the left : Azamuddin,  Hanini , Phuah Lin

HALO!!!

We are Hanini, Azamuddin and Phuah Lin.

We are members of M1T4 who in charge of the technology section of this blog.

Here comes our introduction to TECHNOLOGY.

"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic."
by Arthur C. Clarke 

"It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity."
by Albert Einstein 

 The two quotes of technology shows how the great masters see technology.

In fact, human can't live without technology, as technology is as important as air and water.

We are here to show the viewer(s) some facts and knowledge about technology.

Here we go...=]

**So friends...this is our special opinion regarding this topic...check it out!!..

hI PaLs!!...thank you for spending your time to take a look at our section of this blog…well..about our topic…it makes us know and learn more about the technology..we perpetually use the technology in our daily live..every single things we very need for it..for us ourselves..we also own our gadgets…for this age…we have smart phone,laptop,mp3 and whatsoever..perhaps you also own the same things too..but how far did we use this benefits correctly in our live as the students…not all but some of us just make this facilitiy  just to waste their times..(you already know about this..)..actually technology make our live easier but sometimes it will be the otherwise..so pals,it’s actually depends on how we manage the technology..the truth is..technology never harm us,,but humans only make it become harm…so people..please be realized,we create the technology,and because of us,it will be destroyed too..just want to say…we are the hands that handle it so be responsible to it and use it wisely…spread the peace!!...with loves….=)  

                                                                                               

                                                                                           …azam,lin,hanini..

History of Technology

In short, technology refers to all tools and procedures. It is the state of knowledge and progression at any given time on controlling our biospheres, and includes all tools (utensils, devices, machinery, inventions, and structures), all methods (skills, processes, and techniques), and all applied materials (both raw and manufactured).Generally, technology is Man's ability to control Nature.

Paleolithic   Age
-Stone Age

A variety of stone tools

The use of tools by early humans was partly a process of detecting, part of evolution. Tool use remained somewhat unchanged for most of early human history, but approximately 50,000 years ago, a behavioural modernity and device use arose, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern lingo.

 (A primitive chopper)

Human ancestors have been using stone as tools since long before the existence of Homo sapiens approximately 200,000 years ago. The earliest process of stone tool making, called the  "Old wan industry". This era of stone tool use is known as the Paleolithic, or "Old stone age", and 

 gages all of human history up to the development of agriculture approximately 12,000 years ago. The earliest stone tools were crude. The stone tools used were primarily in the form of choppers or scrapers. . These tools greatly aided the early humans in their forager lifestyle to carry out a diversity of tasks including butchering carcasses (and breaking bones to get at the bone marrow); chopping wood; cracking open nuts; skinning an animal for its skin(or leather); and even shaping other tools out of softer materials such as bone and wood.

Fire, burnt with wood and charcoal, allowed early humans to cook their food as well as to broaden the number of foods that edible. The discovery and utilization of fire, a simple energy source with a lot of almighty uses, was a turning point in the technological evolution of humankind. Though, the exact date of its discovery is not known. The evidence of burnt animal bones at the Cradle of Humankind where is a World Heritage Site first named by UNESCO in 1999, about 50 kilometers northwest of Johannesburg, South African the Gauteng province suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before 1,000,000 BC; scholarly agreement indicates that Homo erectus had controlled fire by between 500,000 BC and 400,000 BC.

Other technological advances made during the age of Paleolithic were clothing and shelter. However, the adoption of both technologies that were keys to humanity's progress cannot be dated exactly. As the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became more sophisticated and more complex. Clothing, adapted from the fur and skins of hunted animals, helped humanity expand into colder zones; humans began to migrate out of Africa by 200,000 BC and into other continents, such as Eurasia.

Copper and Bronze Ages

 

An array of Neolithic artefacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.

 

After the Neolithic Revolution (that was the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture), Stone Age developed into the Bronze Age. The Neolithic Revolution involved fanatic changes in agricultural technology which included development of agriculture, animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements. These combined factors made possible the development of metal extraction, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of choice, though polished stone tools continued to be used for a considerable time owing to their abundance compared with the less common metals (especially tin).

This technological trend apparently began in the Fertile Crescent, and spread outward over time. These developments were not, and still are not, universal. The Three-age system (the stone age, bronze age and the iron age) does not accurately describe the technology history of groups outside of Eurasia, and does not apply at all in the case of some isolated populations, such as the Spinifex People, the Sentinelese, and various Amazonian tribes, which still make use of Stone Age technology, and have not developed agricultural or metal technology.

 

Iron Age technology

An axe head made of iron, dating from Swedish Iron Age.

The Iron Age involved the adoption of iron smelting technology. It generally replaced bronze, and made it possible to produce utensils which were stronger, lighter and cheaper to make than bronze equivalents. In many Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last major step before the development of written language, although this was not universally the case. It was impossible to manufacture steel massively because extremely high furnace temperatures were needed, but steel could be produced by forging ( shaping of metal using localized compressive forces) bloomer  iron to reduce the carbon content in a controllable way. Iron ores were much more widespread than either copper or tin. In Europe, large hill forts were built either as a refuge in time of war, or sometimes as permanent settlements. In some cases, existing forts from the Bronze Age were expanded and enlarged. The pace of land clearance using the more effective iron axes increased, providing more farmland to support the growing population.

 

-Ancient technology was the progress of the ancient civilizations which produced the greatest advances in technology and engineering, advances which stimulated other societies to adopt new ways of living and governance.

Technology & Us

There is no doubt that technology makes life easier. Technology has solved many daily problems. You can drive or take any vehicles to any where that you wish to go instead of walking; to search for whatever information, you are aided with computer and any search engine; to keep in touch with someone, you have telephones, smart phones and many other devices. Generally, you can do anything with the existence of technology. However, do you notice that how many of them are the Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20^th Century?

In 2003, the National Academy of Engineering, a government-created non-profit institution in the United States published A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed our Lives. This work detailed historical information on the following list of what the authors consider to be the top twenty engineering achievements of the 20th century, or those achievements which had the greatest impact upon life during and following this period.

The list was published as follows:

1. Electrification

Electrification is the process of powering by electricity and is usually associated with changing over from another power source. 

2. Automobile

Automobile = auto car = motor car = car 

 Automobile is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. 

3. Airplane

Airplane refers to any fixed-wing air craft which is an aircraft capable of flight using wings that generate lift caused by the vehicle's forward airspeed and the shape of the wings. Fixed-wing aircrafts are different from rotary-wing aircraft in which the wings form a rotor mounted on a spinning shaft and ornithopters in which the wings flap in similar manner to a bird.

4. Water Supply and Distribution

Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service (often also providing a service using that infrastructure), commercial organizations, community endeavours or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation is covered separately.

5. Electronics

Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components and associated passive interconnection technologies.

6. Radio and Television

radio

TV

Radio is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) of a frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio frequency range, from about 30 kHz to 300 GHz; while, Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images, with or without accompanying sound.

7. Agricultural Mechanization

Mechanized agriculture is the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize the work of agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity. In modern era, powered machinery has replaced many jobs formerly carried out by men or animals.

8. Computers

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations.

9. Telephone

 

Telephone = Phone

Telephone is a telecommunications device that converts sound into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media over long distances.

10. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration

Air conditioning are the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more favourable conditions or any form of technological cooling, heating, ventilation, or disinfection that modifies the condition of air.

Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another.

11. Highways

A highway is any public road or other public way on land; the term exists in distinction to waterway. 

12. Spacecraft

Spacecraft = Spaceship

Spacecraft is a vehicle, vessel or machine designed to fly in outer space. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including: communications, earth observation, meteorology, navigation, planetary exploration and transportation of humans and cargo.

13. Internet

Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. 

14. Imaging

Imaging is the representation or reproduction of an object's outward form; especially a visual representation.

15. Household Appliances

It is a large machine which accomplishes some routine housekeeping task, which includes purposes such as cooking, or food preservation, whether in a household, institutional, commercial or industrial setting.

16. Health Technologies

Healthcare science = Medical science

Healthcare science is a set of applied sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to develop knowledge, interventions, or technology of use in healthcare or public health.

17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies

Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface.

18. Laser and Fibre Optics

A laser is a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons.

Fibre optics is a flexible, transparent fibre made of glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It functions as a wave guide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fibre.

19. Nuclear Technologies

Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear power, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons. It has found applications from smoke detectors to nuclear reactors, and from gun sights to nuclear weapons.

20. High-performance Materials

Who invented the internet?

As it turns out, there is no one inventor of the internet.

The internet was created in the 1960s as a huge network linking big university and government computers. The science behind the internet was invented during the Cold War, when the United States was in competition against Russia for weapons and technology. Therefore, the internet is actually pretty old around 50 years. In fact, email has been around since 1972!

However, it wasn't until 1989 that Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Geneva, proposed the World Wide Web.
The initial idea is credited as being Leonard Kleinrock's after he published his first paper entitled "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" on May 31, 1961.

In 1962 J.C.R. Licklider becomes the first Director of IPTO and gave his vision of a galactic network. In addition to the ideas from Licklider and Kleinrock, Robert Taylor helped create the idea of the network, which later became ARPANET.
The Internet as we know it today first started being developed in the late 1960's.

In the summer of 1968, the Network Working Group (NWG) held its first meeting chaired by Elmer Shapiro with the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) with attendees: Steve Carr, Steve Crocker, Jeff Rulifson, and Ron Stoughton. In the meeting the group discussed solving issues related to getting hosts to communicate with each other.

In December 1968, Elmer Shapiro with SRI released a report "A Study of Computer Network Design Parameters." Based on this work and earlier work done by Paul Baran, Thomas Marill and others; Lawrence Roberts and Barry Wessler helped to create the final version of the Interface Message Processor (IMP) specifications. Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) was later awarded the contract to design and build the IMP sub network
UCLA puts out a press release introducing the public to the Internet on July 3, 1969.
August 29, 1969 the first network switch and the first piece of network equipment called "IMP", which is short for (Interface Message Processor) is sent to UCLA. On September 2, 1969 the first data moves from UCLA host to the switch. In the picture to the right, is a picture of Leonard Kleinrock next to the IMP
On Friday October 29, 1969 at 10:30 p.m., the first Internet message was sent from computer science Professor Leonard KleinRock's laboratory at UCLA, after the second piece of network equipment was installed at SRI. This connection not only enabled the first transmission to be made, but is also considered to be the first Internet backbone.

The first message to be distributed was "LO", which was an attempt at "LOGIN" by Charley S. Kline to log into the SRI computer from UCLA. However, the message was unable to be completed because the SRI system crashed. Shortly after the crash, the issue was resolved and he was able to log into the computer.
Ray Tomlinson introduces network e-mail in 1972. The first messaging system to send messages across a network to other users.

Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn design TCP during 1973 and later publish it with the help of Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December of 1974 in RFC 675
A commercial version of ARPANET known as Telenet is introduced in 1974 and considered by many to be the first Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Bob Metcalfe develops Ethernet idea in 1973.
In 1978 TCP splits into TCP/IP driven by Danny Cohen, David Reed, and John Shoch to support real-time traffic. This allows the creation of UDP. TCP/IP is later standardized into ARPANET in 1983 and is still the primary protocol used for the Internet.
In 1990 Tim Berners-Lee develops HTML, which made a huge contribution to how we navigate and view the Internet today
Tim Berners-Lee introduces WWW to the public on August 6, 1991.



This is our the sample of our questionnaire:  

Background Information

Gender           :  □ male                     □  female

Course           :  □ account               □  science

Questions

Listed below are some activities that people do, both at home and in the dorm, both alone and with others.  For each item, select the category that shows how often you engage in this activity.

1.   Do you own a computer?

□  yes             □  no

.  2. Since when do you start using computer ?

□  6 years old or below       

□  when I was studying in primary school

□  when I was studying in secondary school

□  lately ( after entering matriculation college )

           

   3. What is the TOTAL number of hours a week that you spend on a    computer? 

□ less than 1 hour       □  1 to 3 hours             □  3 to 5 hours             □  more than 5 hours

.  4. Of these hours, how many are used for academic activities?  

□ less than 1 hour       □  1 to 3 hours             □  3 to 5 hours             □  more than 5 hours

5.  What is your most common activity when using a computer?

□  games                    □  watching videos              □  listening to music

□  surf  the internet  □  word processing              □  research for school works

□  research things unrelated to school works     □  others :_______________

.   6.What do you think about computers ? ( Please rate as follow : 1 to 5,                  1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree )

	1	2	3	4	5
a.    Computer makes work easier.
b.    I prefer to use computer to do school works instead of papers and pens.
c.    Computer makes life more fun// interesting.
d.    I want to learn more about computer.
e.    Computer brings more disadvantages than advantages.

Based on our survey that we carried out about this project...so this is the statistics that we come out with...=)...ArE yOu aGree WiTh thEm..???...well..it is depends on YOU!!..=D

This pie-chart depicts the different activities of users when they use computer                                                         

This is our first chart....The pie chart shows that the most common activity that carries out by the user(s) of computer is playing games, 35%, while the second common activity for the users is surfing internet. there are 15% of users use computer to watch video, 10% of them use computer to listen to music and doing word process. 5% of users use computer to do other things.Nowadays it seems look that the teenagers prefer most to play games when they using the computers.What we can see is that it probably playing games would be the most enjoy way to wind their stress as they have to spend almost a day for their studies.From our view,there's a lot of video games that can be easily get in form of compact disc or internet.This situation can be related with the second highest rating of using computers among the teenagers.That's why we can observe that internet also can be used for the same purpose which is PLAYING GAMES instead of socializing activity on Facebook or Twitter.But whatever it is we don't deny the truth which is they are teenagers or students that use internet via computer for their works or assignment..For the last purpose,please keep it up and use the internet wisely as well..=)